Drivers of Deforestation and Degradation of Forest Land in India

Abstract

Forests provide several ecosystem services for the survival of human beings. However, worldwide deforestation is one of the most pressing environmental issues in recent times. India is also facing this challenge; in fact, stood right after Brazil in terms of forest loss during 2015-2020, and experienced a biggest increase in deforestation in the last 30 years globally (India Today Report, 2023). Although, Forest Survey of India Report (2021) shows a slight increase in forest cover in the last few years, the quality of plantation to increase tree cover in India is in question. The present study, therefore, attempts to identify the major factors under the three dimensions - socio-economic, climatic and governance accountable for forest loss at a Pan India level for the major States and Union Territories during 2005-2019, using a panel framework. Even, forest depletion and degradation due to collection of various forest produces, and variations in regional characteristics for different geographical zones in India bear serious policy implications for forest conservation. This study criticizes mono plantation, since it is not a viable practice for safeguarding biodiversity and assisting local livelihoods. Lastly, the study examines the Forest Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2023, of India, which has permitted additional economic activities for nation building, withdrawing adequate legal protection for forests.