A Comprehensive Review of Magnetohydrodynamic Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Flows with Micro polarity, Bioconvection, and Fuzzy Modelling: Numerical Advances and Emerging Applications

Abstract

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid flow over stretching and inclined surfaces has attracted considerable attention due to its wide range of applications in energy systems, thermal management, biomedical transport, and materials processing. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of recent numerical investigations on Casson, micropolar, Williamson, Carreau, and Sisko nanofluids, emphasizing the combined effects of magnetic fields, porous media, thermal radiation, bioconvection, chemical reactions, and fuzzy logic modeling. Particular attention is given to ternary hybrid nanofluids, homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux, and gyrotactic microorganism transport, which represent emerging directions in modern nanofluid research. The review critically evaluates the governing models, numerical methodologies, and parametric trends reported in recent literature, highlighting the transition from classical Buongiorno-based models to intelligent fuzzy-assisted frameworks. Open challenges and future research directions for high-fidelity simulations and real-world engineering applications are also discussed.