https://ir.vidyasagar.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/6353 2026-04-26T01:48:50Z https://ir.vidyasagar.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/6912 Title: Detection and Deterrence: A Microtheoretic Approach Authors: Chowdhury, Swastick Sen; Ghosh, Santanu; Das, Panchanan Abstract: For over three decades, research on crime and corruption has been of special interest among social scientists. The present paper seeks to examine the decision-making behaviour of an illegal firm in terms of a simple micro theoretic exercise. We set up simple models of a profit maximizing illegal industrial firm and derive conditions under which illegalisation of work and production occurs, taking into consideration the fact that the probability of being detected of unlawful activity is a variable and being dependent on the scale of activity, measured in terms of output or employment. Here, we try to explore the cases where the firm is detected at different phases of its production process and also examine the impact of deterrence, if any, on the scale of illegal activity. Description: PP:1-18 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.vidyasagar.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/6911 Title: Financing Public Expenditure on Imports in India under the New Economic Policy Authors: Chakraborty, Debashree; Ghosh, Ambar Abstract: Fiscal Deficit Target which constitutes a cap on government’s borrowing has been a hallmark of the New Economic Policy (NEP) that India adopted in 1991 at the behest of IMF and World Bank. Tracing the trajectory of the expenditure pattern of the present Government of India, we have seen that there has been a steady rise in the government’s spending on imported armaments and imported capital goods. The aim of the paper is to consider the modes of financing of this enhanced government expenditure and the four different means of financing that we have considered are namely external borrowing, internal borrowing, taxation of capitalists’ income and indirect taxation. We have examined the short term macroeconomic impacts of all these four policies both in the presence of the fiscal deficit target and in its absence. We have found that the best way of financing the increase in the government’s expenditure on imported goods is by taxing the capitalists’ income in the presence of the fiscal deficit target. We have also found that the fiscal deficit target produces strong recessionary effects in the cases of internal and external borrowings. It acts as an automatic destabilizer in the cases of direct and indirect taxation. This paper therefore builds a strong critique of the ideological orthodoxy of the fiscal policy of the NEP pursued in India. Description: PP:19-45 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.vidyasagar.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/6910 Title: Disbursement of Credit in Private Sector Banks in India A Panel Data Analysis Authors: Adhikary, Maniklal; Chatterjee, Ruchira Abstract: The proportion of credit facility extended by banks of any country is influential for economic growth and development. This paper has attempted to analyse the impact of significant macro and microeconomic variables on the proportion of credit disbursement granted by public sector banks in India during 2011-2019. In the study credit as percentage to total assets, which reflects the credit facilities available to the economy, has been taken as dependent variable. The set of explanatory variables like deposit ratio, liquidity ratio, bank size, growth rate, deposit rate and capital adequacy ratio is going to have a positive relation with credit facilities. On the contrary, inflation rate, the reserve ratio and capital ratio are expected to be inversely connected with the proportion of credit disbursement. It is expected that deposit rate is likely to increase credit facilities whereas NPA ratio will adversely affect the credit disbursement. It has been found that deposit ratio, capital ratio, nonperforming loan ratio, bank size, reserve ratio, and capital adequacy ratio emerge significantly to expand the disbursement of credit by the private sector banks. It is also noted that liquidity ratio, average annual interest rate on loan and deposit have no significant impact on credit facility. In contrast it has been observed that almost all the banks have less capacity to provide Loans & advances in comparison to Axis Bank. And all banks are statistically insignificant except Jammu & Kashmir Bank which is highly significant at 5% level of significance. Description: PP:46-68 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.vidyasagar.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/6909 Title: Changing Pattern of Inequality in the Distribution of Consumer Expenditure in Rural West Bengal (1983 – 2012) Authors: Mondal, Debasish; Saha, Sukla Mondal Abstract: Inequalities in the distribution of income or expenditure or wealth are negative indicators of development of a country or of a region. Though per capita income is considered as the main indicator of development, such inequalities are needed to be measured to have a more accurate assessment of development. In India, except some special surveys by National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER), data on the distribution of income or wealth are not available, and the data on the distribution of consumer expenditure collected and compiled by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) are used as the proxy. Gini coefficient/index (Gini, 1912, 1921, 1936) is most popularly used as a relative/index measure of inequality, though it is not considered as a fully reasonable measure of inequality. As a result, other measures like Lorenz curve (Lorenz,1905), Dalton’s measure (Dalton,1920), Theil’s entropy measure (Theil, 1967), Atkinson’s measure (Atkinson, 1970), Sen’s measure (Sen, 1973), standard deviation of logarithms, coefficient of variation, mean logarithmic deviation (Theil, 1972), extended Gini indices (Chakraborty, 1988), Kakwani’s index (Kakwani, 1980), generalised Gini index (Weymark, 1981),squared coefficient of variation, relative mean deviation, etc. have also parallel use. All these measures are either relative or index measures. Majority of them have their absolute counterparts. As explained by Kolm (1976), absolute measures of inequality have some properties different from relative/index measures and those cannot be ignored. However, different measures tend to give different pictures on inequality comparison. If one measure shows that inequality in India in a particular year has fallen in comparison to a previous year, it may be possible to find another measure that shows that inequality has actually increased. Under these circumstances, any researcher in this field tends to choose any one of the available measures, which he feels, the best, and makes the desired comparisons. In this respect, the Gini coefficient/index has been most popular because it seems most convenient to use, though not most convincing. This study tries to use two types of measures of inequality, namely the Gini type and the SD-CV type, simultaneously and tries to derive a general, centrist or intermediate or overall, though sometimes apparently conflicting, impression about the changing pattern of inequality in the distribution of consumer expenditure in rural West Bengal in comparison to rural all India in the period from 1983 to 2012. Description: PP:69-86 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z